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Being bullied can make your life miserable, and decades of research prove it: Bullied children and teens for anxiety, depression, dropping out of school, peer rejection, social isolation and self-harm.

Adults can be bullied too, often at a job, and they as kids do.

who studies child and adolescent development. That includes learning how people become bullies 鈥� and how they can be stopped.

First, let鈥檚 : It鈥檚 mean-spirited, harmful behavior by someone with more power or status 鈥� like a popular kid at school or a supervisor at work 鈥� who repeatedly picks on, harasses, irritates or injures a person with less power or status.

鈥� physical, like pushing, shoving and hitting; relational, such as spreading rumors, keeping somebody out of a friend group or just rude remarks; or sexual harassment and stalking behavior.

Sometimes, bullies target someone because of their race, religion, sexual orientation or appearance. People from the LGBTQ+ community, or who are overweight, or with a physical or developmental disability are . As a result, they , including depression, anxiety and self-harming behavior.

So why do bullies do it?

People learn how to bully others early on through what psychologists call modeling and social learning. This means bullies see other people bullying and they essentially model, or copy, this aggressive behavior.

Media is . When mean or violent conduct is glamorized and gamified in music, video games, TV and movies, bullies will imitate what they see and hear, especially if it seems cool or if it鈥檚 rewarded.

Family . If children grow up in a home without kindness and closeness, but with plenty of physical punishment and heavy conflict 鈥� including parents fighting with each other 鈥� then children view this behavior as acceptable. They can go on to treat their peers this way.

A similar thing happens when a kid falls into a group of friends who are bullies; they become . To say it another way, they bully because they think it makes them look cool in front of their friends.

And bullies bully for . Some do it because it makes them feel better about themselves when they put other people down. Other bullies discovered that force and intimidation worked for them in the past, so it鈥檚 a go-to strategy to get what they want. Still others simply have difficulty controlling themselves and can鈥檛 calm down when they鈥檙e angry.

And with some bullies, it鈥檚 just a way to get ahead. For instance, an adult bully in the workplace about a co-worker to keep a rival from being promoted.

How to handle bullies

Fortunately, there are lots of ways to stop a bully.

If you鈥檙e a child or teenager, talk about what has happened with a trusted adult 鈥� a parent, teacher, principal or counselor. They will help you figure out your next move. Schools are familiar with this sort of problem; they have to protect victims of bullying.

If you鈥檙e an adult who has been bullied in the workplace, talk to your human resources department or a neutral supervisor who can advise you on next steps. You are also legally protected 鈥� employment laws .

Whatever your age, it鈥檚 a good idea to talk to friends or family members who may not be involved in the incident but who will offer support. Engaging in coping activities 鈥� like exercising, or relaxing with a walk 鈥� .

You can also use the , available 24/7, by texting 741741. Or call the at 1-800-273-8255; the link also provides international numbers. Or call 988 to reach the national .

And a final word: Bullying is not acceptable. It鈥檚 not just 鈥渒ids being kids,鈥� or that you鈥檙e 鈥渢oo sensitive.鈥� If a bully is bothering you, don鈥檛 try to handle it alone 鈥� getting help is the way to get through.

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And since curiosity has no age limit 鈥� adults, let us know what you鈥檙e wondering, too. We won鈥檛 be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

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